Cuban Revolution Assault on the Moncada Barracks

On July 26, 1953, Cuba exploded into revolution when Fidel Castro and about 140 rebels attacked the federal garrison at Moncada. Although the operation was well-planned and had the element of surprise, the higher numbers and weapons of the army soldiers, coupled with some remarkably bad luck afflicting the attackers, made the assault a near-total failure for the rebels. Many of the rebels were captured and executed, and Fidel and his brother Raà ºl were put on trial. They lost the battle but won the war: the Moncada assault was the first armed action of the Cuban Revolution, which would triumph in 1959. Background Fulgencio Batista was a military officer who had been president from 1940 to 1944 (and who had held unofficial executive power for some time before 1940). In 1952, Batista ran again for president, but it appeared that he would lose. Together with some other high-ranking officers, Batista smoothly pulled off a coup that removed President Carlos Prà ­o from power. The elections were canceled. Fidel Castro was a charismatic young lawyer who was running for Congress in Cuba’s 1952 elections, and according to some historians, he was likely to win. After the coup, Castro went into hiding, knowing intuitively that his past opposition to different Cuban governments would make him one of the â€Å"enemies of the state† that Batista was rounding up. Planning the Assault Batista’s government was quickly recognized by various Cuban civic groups, such as the banking and business communities. It was also recognized internationally, including by the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹United States. After the elections were canceled and things had calmed down, Castro tried to bring Batista to court to answer for the takeover, but failed. Castro decided that legal means of removing Batista would never work. Castro began plotting an armed revolution in secret, attracting to his cause many other Cubans disgusted by Batista’s blatant power grab. Castro knew that he needed two things to win: weapons and men to use them. The assault on Moncada was designed to provide both. The barracks were full of weapons, enough to outfit a small army of rebels. Castro reasoned that if the daring attack were successful, hundreds of angry Cubans would flock to his side to help him bring Batista down. Batista’s security forces were aware that several groups (not only Castro’s) were plotting armed insurrection, but they had little resources, and none of them seemed a serious threat to the government. Batista and his men were much more worried about rebellious factions within the army itself as well as the organized political parties that had been favored to win the 1952 elections. The Plan The date for the assault was set for July 26, because July 25 was the festival of St. James and there would be parties in the nearby town. It was hoped that at dawn on the 26th, many of the soldiers would be missing, hungover, or even still drunk inside the barracks. The insurgents would drive in wearing army uniforms, seize control of the base, help themselves to weapons, and leave before other armed forces units could respond. The Moncada barracks are located outside of the city of Santiago, in the Oriente province. In 1953, Oriente was the poorest of Cuba’s regions and the one with the most civil unrest. Castro hoped to spark an uprising, which he would then arm with Moncada weapons. All aspects of the assault were meticulously planned. Castro had printed copies of a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹manifesto, and ordered that they are delivered to newspapers and select politicians on July 26 at exactly 5:00 am. A farm close to the barracks was rented, where weapons and uniforms were stashed. All of those who participated in the assault made their way to the city of Santiago independently and stayed in rooms that had been rented beforehand. No detail was overlooked as the rebels tried to make the attack a success. The Attack In the early morning of July 26, several cars drove around Santiago, picking up rebels. They all met at the rented farm, where they were issued uniforms and weapons, mostly light rifles and shotguns. Castro briefed them, as no one except a few high-ranking organizers knew what the target was to be. They loaded back in the cars and set off. There were 138 rebels set to attack Moncada, and another 27 sent to attack a smaller outpost in nearby Bayamo. Despite the meticulous organization, the operation was a fiasco almost from the start. One of the cars suffered a flat tire, and two cars got lost in the streets of Santiago. The first car to arrive had gotten through the gate and disarmed the guards, but a two-person routine patrol outside of the gate threw the plan off, and the shooting started before the rebels were in position. The alarm sounded, and the soldiers began a counterattack. There was a heavy machine gun in a tower which kept most of the rebels pinned down in the street outside the barracks. The few rebels who had made it in with the first car fought for a while, but when half of them were killed, they were forced to retreat and join their comrades outside. Seeing that the attack was doomed, Castro ordered a retreat and the rebels quickly scattered. Some of them just threw down their weapons, took off their uniforms, and faded into the nearby city. Some, including Fidel and  Raà ºl Castro, were able to escape. Many were captured, including 22 who had occupied the federal hospital. Once the attack was called off, they had tried to disguise themselves as patients but were found out. The smaller Bayamo force met a similar fate as  they too were captured or driven off. Aftermath Nineteen federal soldiers had been killed, and the remaining soldiers were in a murderous mood. All of the prisoners were massacred, although two women who had been part of the hospital takeover were spared. Most of the prisoners were tortured first, and news of the barbarity of the soldiers soon leaked to the general public. It caused enough of a scandal for the Batista government that by the time Fidel, Raà ºl and many of the remaining rebels were rounded up in the next couple of weeks, they were jailed and not executed. Batista made a great show out of the trials of the conspirators, allowing journalists and civilians to attend. This would prove to be a mistake, as Castro used his trial to attack the government. Castro said that he had organized the assault to remove the tyrant Batista from  office and that he was merely doing his civic duty as a Cuban in standing up for democracy. He denied  nothing but instead took pride in his actions. The trials and Castro riveted the people of Cuba became a national figure. His famous line from the trial is â€Å"History will absolve me!† In a belated attempt to shut him up, the government locked Castro down, claiming he was too ill to continue with his trial. This only made the dictatorship look worse when Castro got the word  out that he was fine and able to stand trial. His trial was eventually conducted in secret, and despite his eloquence, he was convicted and sentenced to 15 years in prison. Batista made another tactical mistake in 1955 when he buckled to international pressure and released many political prisoners, including Castro and the others who had participated in the Moncada assault. Freed, Castro and his most loyal comrades went to  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mexico to organize and launch the  Cuban Revolution. Legacy Castro named his insurgency â€Å"the 26th of July Movement† after the date of the Moncada assault. Although it was initially a failure, Castro was ultimately able to make the most out of Moncada. He used it as a recruiting tool: although many political parties and groups in Cuba railed against Batista and his crooked regime, only Castro had done anything about it. This attracted many Cubans to the movement who may have otherwise not gotten involved. The massacre of the captured rebels also severely damaged the credibility of Batista and his top officers, who were now seen as butchers, especially once the rebels’ plan – they had hoped to take the barracks without bloodshed – became known. It allowed Castro to use Moncada as a rallying cry, sort of like â€Å"Remember the Alamo!† This is more than a little ironic, as Castro and his men had attacked in the first place, but it became somewhat justified in the face of the subsequent atrocities. Although it failed in its goals of acquiring weapons and arming the unhappy citizens of Oriente Province, Moncada was, in the long run, an essential part of the success of Castro and the 26th of July Movement. Sources: Castaà ±eda, Jorge C.  Compaà ±ero: the Life and Death of Che  Guevara.  New York: Vintage Books, 1997.Coltman, Leycester.  The Real Fidel Castro.  New Haven and London: the Yale University Press, 2003.

Identify Risk, Threats, and Vulnerabilities Free Essays

Some risks that I have identified are social engineering techniques due to the excessive trust given to messages coming from friends, contacts or followed people within the OSN(Online-Social Network) identity theft and information leaking furthermore, spam sending and malware distribution through Social Networks are increasing at an incredible pace. They are not the only threats. Within the World Wide Web, social network is becoming the favorite target for cybercriminals. We will write a custom essay sample on Identify Risk, Threats, and Vulnerabilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now This Attention requires an intensive focusing of web security efforts and money the most significant threats along with the common vulnerabilities exploited. Sensitive attribute inference through machine learning algorithms it is possible to infer sensitive data from one user. Collecting data from user’s contacts and experimented attacker can predict some not explicit data. For example, if all the friends of one user belong to one political party, it is safe to predict that the user has the same political tendencies. Excessive exposition of private data inadequate privacy configuration settings may lead to publishing sensitive information. Some of the threats are private data management is a key feature that I have found inside of social networks. Digital dossier building- Everyone can collect published information through different OSN about one user and extract a complete dossier about it, Secondary Data Collection users may grant the platform secondary information (such as IP address, contacts list, messages or visited pages) Re-identification in spite of using fake data to register on a Social Network it is feasible to associate users shared data (such as text, photos, and video’s) with real names or e-mail directions. Vulnerabilities associated with OSN it is difficulty to completely remove all user information when deleting an account. When users try to leave a Social Network, license agreement clauses appear rights that are transferred to the platform when the content is uploaded. Thus if one would like to remove there uploaded material, it would find that the only way to do so is by deleting the videos or photos one by one manually another vulnerability would be weak authentication method on the internet are one of the most important vulnerabilities that web environments have nowadays. The combination of user-name and password is commonly misused by the user who seeks easy-to-remember login details (such as short user-name and passwords, passwords with no combination of numbers and letters same username and password for several domains) another vulnerability is non-validation of users data during registration process. Most of the OSN do not use a validation process during new user’s registration. Unfortunately, just checking a valid email address, the preferred validation requirements, is not an adequate method, which leads to proliferation of fake populating the network. In conclusion On-line social networks represent one of the last and most important internet services most of the enterprises hesitate to integrate OSN into their business model, this new phenomenon cannot be ignored, but neither can be adopted without knowing the risks account when attempting to protect users and systems. I have identified the risk, the threats that compromise them and noted the vulnerabilities exploited by those threats. How to cite Identify Risk, Threats, and Vulnerabilities, Papers

Unemployment Problem free essay sample

Unemployment is a great concern in Bangladesh. Every year hundreds of thousands student are coming out from college and university. Though it is one of the major responsibilities of the Government to provide job to those young generation but the Government is failed to meet the job demand among the large population. Only a tiny fraction of total jobless is managed by different government offices and private organization but a majority remain unemployed. Unemployed workers are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work. Individuals who are actively seeking job placement must make the effort to: be in contact with an employer, have job interviews, contact job placement agencies, send out resumes, submit applications, respond to advertisements, or some other means of active job searching within the prior four weeks. Simply looking at advertisements and not responding will not count as actively seeking job placement. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment Problem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since not all unemployment may be open and counted by government agencies, official statistics on unemployment may not be accurate. Causes of Unemployment Historically for a long time British administration was the main cause of this problem. After ending Mughol regime when British came in Sub continent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) they started to do business, they exploited the sub-continent. They did not establish any Industry which is helpful to remove the unemployment problem. Though some Industry was made but all of them were placed in Indian Territory. So Bangladesh region was neglected from the British period. After ending British rule in 1947 Pakistan adopted the same rule they established all kinds of Industry in West Pakistan not in East Pakistan. As a result of Pakistani monopoly rule we saw the freedom fighting war in 1971. After nine months continuous war it is divided and named East Pakistan as a Bangladesh. After 1971 Bangladesh has been facing political crisis badly. As a result no government can take long term massive step to remove the unemployment problem. Within 37 years Bangladesh has experience about eight new governments and two assassination incident at the top level country leader. So now political crisis is one of the major causes of unemployment problem in Bangladesh. Among others two major parties BNP and Aowamileague are busy to gain only political power. None of these parties are trying to do anything to solve the country’s major problem â€Å"UNEMPLOYEMENT PROBLEM† Recent attitude and activity of political parties are very hateful to the common people. By election if a party goes to power then another party cannot accept that, they do not go to parliament they do not express constructive opinion in the parliament which is helpful for common people. But they should not do it. May be there is some discrimination of the election result but there are overall acceptation of the common people. To think about greater welfare of the country they should keep patient, they should support the Government they should assist the Government to take the long term strategy to remove the unemployment problem. Types of Unemployment Frictional unemployment Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs when a worker moves from one job to another. Frictional unemployment is an example of a productive part of the economy, increasing both the workers long term welfare and economic efficiency, and is also a type of voluntary unemployment. Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy, so the level of involuntary unemployment is properly the unemployment rate minus the rate of frictional unemployment, which means that increases or decreases in unemployment are normally under-represented in the simple statistics. Natural rate of unemployment The natural rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists when the labor market is in equilibrium and there is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates. Classical unemployment Classical or real-wage unemployment occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market-clearing level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. Cyclical unemployment Cyclical unemployment, also known as deficient-demand unemployment, occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy. Cyclical unemployment is caused by a business cycle recession, and wages not falling to meet the equilibrium level. Cyclical unemployment rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves. Keynesians argue that this type of unemployment exists due to inadequate effective aggregate demand. Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently fewer workers are needed, wages do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and mass unemployment results. With cyclical unemployment, the number of unemployed workers exceeds the number of job vacancies, so that if even all open jobs were filled, some workers would remain unemployed. Structural unemployment Structural unemployment occurs when a firm or industry closes down due toa parmanent decline in the demand for its products. It also occurs when labor market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for the available jobs. Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment, except to say that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to easily abolish this type of unemployment. Costs of Unemployment Lost Prodoction The single largest costs or unemployment is losi production. Unemployment is thus negatively related with GDP. It has been estimated that 1 extra point of un ployment redusec GDP by 2 percent The Distribution Impact The costs of unployment are not borne evenly by different sections of the population. It is the unemployrd people who suffer most. In general unemployment hits the poor people harder than the rich. Lost Tax Revenue Employed people pay taxes on their wages. Society in general benefits from the revenue. Increased Unemployment means loss of tax revenue. Social and psychological Impact Idleness and lrngthy periods of unemployment makes people rusty and less productive.

Henry Lawson essays

Henry Lawson essays Henry Lawson, also referred to as the peoples person, was one of Australias best well-known and respected poets. His works have been said to be an integral part of our national identity and culture and reflect the current events that were occurring at a time during his life. These influences were the Asianisation of Australia, the bush and its people, his feelings, thoughts and emotions. Lawson was born on the goldfields of Grenfell, New South Wales in 1867 and later passed away in 1922. As a young child Lawson was faced with the problem of limited resources and it was because of this that all of his education was taught by his very independent and influential mother, Louisa. At only nine years of age Lawson was struck down with an ear infection that left him partly deaf. Due to this problem by his fourteenth birthday Lawson was diagnosed completely deaf. This is the reason that he obtained a great talent for observing people and the way in which they acted. This is seen in the following verse: I look in vain for traces of the fresh and fair and sweet, In swallow, sunken faces that are drifting through the street, Drifting on, drifting on, to the scrape of restless feet, I can sorrow for the owners of the faces in the street. The purpose of this poem is to help Lawson express his feelings about his profound deafness and the sorrow he feels for himself and the people in the street who are not blessed with what he thought to be beauty. Lawson was born into a poverty stricken and unhappy family and he grew up to become a bitter and confused man who always believed that life would get better......but unfortunately for him it did not. It was due to lifes though experiences that Lawson started writing to express himself. At age twenty-one Lawson started to publish his poems in the Bulletin and through these publications people sensed that he understood life in Australia and the hardship of ...

6 Steps to Accepting a Job Offer With Professionalism

6 Steps to Accepting a Job Offer With Professionalism All right! After rounds of applications, interviewing, and your very best professional behavior, you have a job offer. The company liked it, and now they want to put a ring on it. How you react to this offer can really set the tone for your tenure as the newest employee of JobCorp, so be sure to play it the right way. 1 .  Say thank you.Even though you’ve already sent a thank-you note to everyone whose inbox you touched through this hiring process (you have sent those notes, right?), you still need to thank whoever is extending you the offer. It could be your new manager or it could be a Human Resources hiring specialist you’ll never see again, except at company-wide pizza parties. Regardless, extend a hearty â€Å"thanks,† and be sure to tell them how excited you are about discussing the offer further.2.  If it’s not in writing, get a paper trail.Some companies like the personal touch of calling candidates to extend an offer. This is usually followed by a confirmation email or letter, but it’s on you to make sure that step is forthcoming. It can be as easy as saying, â€Å"Great, thanks so much! Will you be sending me the details and next steps in an email?† That way, you have all the necessary details after you start to come down from the I got the job euphoria.3.  Make sure you understand the timeline.It’s okay to ask how long you have to give a final answer. You don’t win anything for responding in record time, and employers expect that there will be some negotiation happening. If the answer is that you need to answer immediately, that’s not a great sign- a day or two is a very reasonable request for making such a big decision.4.  Get ready to negotiate.Once you have the details about salary, benefits, and job description, decide whether they work for you. This is your chance to bump up your offer package. You may or may not be successful depending on what you’re asking and what t he company can give, but having realistic asks ready to go will help keep things moving.5.  Once you’re ready to say yes, make sure all details are clear.Reiterate (in writing if possible- remember the paper trail) the details of the offer, including salary, start date, and any points that you negotiated. From a legal standpoint, it makes everything clear, but that doesn’t mean you should see this as an adversarial thing where you’re likely to see your new employer in court someday. Really, it’s just as much for your own benefit, to make sure you have everything straight in your own head. That way, there are no nasty surprises on day one.6. After you say yes, start asking transition questions.Is there an orientation for new employees? Do you need to fill any paperwork out before you start? Can you get your million dollar signing bonus in gold coins? (That one’s assuming the negotiation went really well.) It shows that you’re already a full y engaged employee, and it will keep you excited for your new start as you prepare to say goodbye to your current job.

Theater Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theater Art - Essay Example This is a film that is very much about faith, in particular Larry's faith. He is beset by a series of very difficult and painful personal problems. His wife has left him, his children have problems, at work there are a number of issues. Everything he does goes wrong. He is very much like the character of Job from the Old Testament. He seems to be being made to suffer for the amusement of some supernatural force. Climbing to the roof of his home (albeit for another purpose), he is getting closer to heaven and the gods which control his fate. He is also taking the opportunity to survey his situation and his place in the world from on high. The camera angle is below Larry in this shot. His back is to the camera and he looks awkward and ungainly; indeed, his shirt is tucked in and he is wearing nice shoes, not the kind of outfit one wears to climb on the roof. The sky is a bright, clear blue, but much else in the shot is sterile. The only other object, besides the shingles on the roof, i s the antenna, to Larry's left. Larry is in the centre of the frame and all the lines of the roof lead up to him. He is clearly the heart and soul of this picture. Climbing onto the roof is an important chance for Larry to survey his life. After this frame he looks out on the streets and his neighbours.

The role Julius Caesar played as a leader of Rome that caused his Essay

The role Julius Caesar played as a leader of Rome that caused his assassination - Essay Example Egypt and Palestine were under the control of Rome. The Caesar era made history, because it had created an empire by destroying the republic (Rome 1. In The Columbia Encyclopedia). In 55 BC, Caesar entered Britain as a warning to the British Celts who were assisting their rebellious cousins in Gaul. He landed and made camp in Kent, however, after a few weeks had passed by, heavy storms occurred and in order to safeguard his fleet he was forced to retreat. He once again raided Britain in the year 54 BC and defeated the Britons, who were led by Cassivelaunus. The Britons paid tribute to Caesar and promised him that they would neither support rebellions nor interfere in Gaul, subsequently; Caesar conducted a war against Gaul. However, the purpose of these expeditions were not to invade Britain but only to demonstrate Caesar’s prowess in battle and to stress his commitment to exterminating rebellions against his empire (Caesar, Gaius Julius (100 - 44 BC). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). After the death of Crassus in 53 BC, Pompey emerged as his rival. He supported the rebellious members of the Senate who dissented with Caesar and planned to prosecute him in the Court. In response to this conspiracy, Caesar with his army crossed the Rubicon River and fought with Pompey’s army. This resulted in a civil war, which lasted up to 45 BC (Caesar, Gaius Julius (100 - 44 BC). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). Caesar emerged victorious in the battles at Pharsalus in the year 48 BC; Thapsus in the year 46 BC; and against King Pharnaces II in the year 47 BC in Asia Minor. Caesar’s victories could be attributed to his brilliant war plans. He coined the famous slogan Veni Vidi Vici which means I came I saw I conquered. He spent some time in Egypt until Cleopatra gave birth to Caesarion. His last victory on the battlefield was in 45 BC, when he fought at Munda, in